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The primary methods of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation.

Conduction is the process of heat transfer through a material without any movement of the material itself. It occurs at the molecular level when fast-moving particles collide with slower-moving ones, transferring energy and increasing the temperature. Common examples include heating one end of a metal rod and feeling the other end warm up after a period.

Convection involves the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases). When a fluid is heated, it becomes less dense and rises, while cooler, denser fluid sinks, creating a circulation pattern. This can be observed in boiling water, where the hot water rises to the top while cooler water moves down to take its place.

Radiation is the transfer of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves. Unlike conduction and convection, it does not require a medium to travel through, allowing heat to be transferred across the vacuum of space. An example of radiation is how we feel the warmth of the sun even when we are standing in shadow.

The other options listed involve methods that are not primary forms of heat transfer. Evaporation and filtration refer to processes of matter changing states or separating substances rather than transferring heat. Freezing and condensation describe